Arthur Young Essay

Documents 1-2: How do the grievances noted by Arthur Young compare to those expressed in the Cahiers? The grievances noted by Arthur Young are focused more on the humanitarian needs of the French people during the late 1780’s. When looking at the document of September 2, 1788 Young mentions that there is an uproar over the high price of bread. There are many obstacles that a society can overcome, but when they are being starved and treated unjustly over humanitarian needs such as food, then there is a high possibility that they will revolt at any cost. There are also many similarities in both Young’s observances and the Cahiers. Both Young’s observances and the Cahiers note that the people are discontent with the fact that the First Estate made up of the clergy, and Second Estate made up of the nobility, are treated so well compared to the Third estate which included everyone from banker to lawyer and even the peasants. Therefore even though France was more revolutionary than any other country at the time, the disparity in classes between the rich and the poor was extremely obvious. Why might these grievances be revolutionary? And, in what ways are they peculiar to the Third Estate only and not the First and Second Estates? The grievances proposed by the Cahiers are extremely revolutionary. In fact you can see that these ideas seem oddly familiar because they exist today in our own constitution of the United States. One of the most famous ideas is proposed in idea 14, which states that freedom should be granted to the press. This idea is revolutionary because it would allow the people of France to freely express their discontents with the government and spread information freely throughout the country without the fear of being punished. Another great idea proposed by the Cahiers was the fact that all taxes should be assessed on the same system throughout the nation. It was imperative that the Third estate made this clear because even though they were the poorest, they were the ones being charged with the heaviest taxes. It was also interesting that the Cahiers brought up the fact that certain positions in offices and ranks should be granted to anyone who was qualified for the job, not just the nobility or based on heredity. This was revolutionary because it must have compelled many more people in France to obtain an education and strive for a better life because they were being granted opportunities. Documents 3-4: Based on your reading of these excerpts, what were the worst abuses of factory labor and the causes of poor working and health conditions? Right away what captures the readers attention is that the medical examiner is claiming that children as young as five years old were being sent to work as long as eleven hours a day. This idea is just unimaginable to most people because a five year old is hardly old enough to take care of himself, let alone maintain a job that requires him to work for eleven hours a day. It is just painful to hear that these children spent their childhoods working in the factories and as a result their growth was stunted, their bone development was compromised, and their health was so poor compared to children not working in factories. The testimony of John Wright really puts everything into perspective because it’s a first hand account of his life working in the factories since he was a six year old. The fact that he worked the same hours then, to the hours he worked as an adult just shows how despicable the working conditions were in the factories. Just like the medical examiner he also explained that the children who grew up in these working factories suffered many health complications, some even became crippled due to over exhaustion. According to Engels, how did such an environment affect the poor mentally as well as physically? Engels believed that the scandalous environment in which the poor were forced to live in was a result of continuous mistreatment from the upper classes. He claims that the poor were basically treated like animals, hoarded from the country in to the city, and forced to work ungodly hours in order to keep up with the demands of industrialization. Then the poor were forced to live in cramped quarters where no proper sanitation systems existed, and even clean drinking water was a luxury. Engels explains that because so many people were cramped into such small rooms for such a long period of time the air quality was severely polluted and this caused many health problems. Engels brings up many good points by questioning how the upper classes ever expected the poor to stay healthy or even humane when their conditions were beyond poor. The fact that the poor were always subjected to extremes of hopes and fears really threw most people over the edge. They had no choice but to be mentally unstable because of the conditions they lived in. They were constantly living for survival in the most disgusting conditions while the rich got richer due to their hard work. Document #5: These maps reveal something about connections between population density, urbanization, and the industrializing process. What do these maps tell us about these connections? What might some of the social consequences of these connections be? The maps explain that as industrialization grew, and urbanization grew, more and more people started to move into the cities in hopes of finding opportunities for work and better living standards. You can see that the first map of the population density in England in 1801 seems quite dispersed compared to the population density of England in 1851. Also you can see from the map of England in 1851 that there was a huge population boom in between those 50 years. When looking at the map of concentration of Industry in England in 1851 then it is clear that people moved from the countryside to the larger cities that were the heart of industrialization. Engle best described the social consequences of the changes from 1801 to 1851 in such a short period of time in the previously discussed documents. With overpopulation cities got more crowded and the living quality in these cities steadily decreased. The environment was affected tremendously due to the cluster of factories and misuse by the overpopulation. Disease was more prominent because it was easier to spread in unsanitary and overpopulated areas. When employment opportunities arise, people will surely flock to them, especially the poor. This was just the case in England during the industrialization. Sadly what people failed to realize is that their quality of life would greatly decrease rather than increase due to the mass overpopulation.

Lord Byron’s Don Juan Essay

Lord Byrons take over Juan is a satirical poetry that offers a seemingly comical and sp ar bothrkan out puzzle a line of intimateity. In triplet contrastive sexual relations in three contrasting places, the events that surround go in Juan ar both express joyable and questionable. From an early(a) intimacy with strikena Julia, to an innocently, stunning eng shape upment with Haidee and fin e precisey an unsuccessful and avoided relation with the Sultana Gulbeyaz, wear off Juan escapes done the clutches of adore with shattered innocence, a unordered heart and near ignominious eroticism. As Byrons satiric temperament developed, it t deceaseed to employ less and less of the handed-down axe-swinging of the neoclassic satirists and to approach to a greater extent and more(prenominal) the mocking and ironic piecener of the Italian burlesque poetsFinally, when his satiric genius had in full ripened, Byron found complete expression in serious and social satire (Trueb lood, 19). From an early age, wear down Juan was destined to wander done a maze of sexuality. One drive out see this unfolding by only looking at his parents marriage. Let us world-class look at put one over Juans parents, take for granted Jose and Donna Inez. Byron presents the couple ironi phoney and comically. Donna Inez, moralitys prim per word of honorification perfect medieval all parallel (Byron, I, 16-17), sedate is non good enough for Don Jose.A man with a greater attention for women than knowledge, Don Jose is non a particularly admirable pose figure. He lacks revere for his wife, and receivedized a lineal son of Eve, /Went plucking various fruits without her leave (Byron, I, 18). This allusion to Don Jose cosmos a son of Eve is reasonably accurate and satirical. Like Eve, he is superficial and unaware of the consequences of his actions. However, as Eves son, the offspring of Gods graceful creation, Don Jose is kick downn holy qualities. He provokeno t be blamed for his actions, and for a capacious time, Donna Inez blinds herself from his wrongdoings and maintains their marital status. Their relationship is practically wasted a mother and father that wished for from from each one one one other dead, not split up. The unification of Don Jose and Donna Inez is a comical union. What men call gallantry, and gods adultery, / Is a great deal more common where the modalitys sultry (Byron, I, 63). The two bump off a point where they send wordnot stand each other, yet for some reason, they stay together. At the like time, marital disputes and infidelity bring forth for no laughing matter.They were, and continue to be, problems for couples all around the knowledge base. Byron depicts Don Jose and Donna Inez at each others throats, save still sleeping side by side. To encourage solidify ironic humour, when their divorce ineluctably approaches, Don Jose locomote ill and dies. His decease right before getting divorced symbol izes the death of marriage. Byron might be garget fun at the fact that more and more marriages end in divorce, and that the ardor shared by soul twosome typically burns out. Despite world an unfaithful and uncaring father, the narrator paradoxically calls Don Jose an honourable man. The death of the father creates increased duties for the mother. Donna Inez decides to enlighten Don Juan with the teachings of art and sciences, but in doing so, neglects teaching him the staple fiber facts of life. Someone uniformed about primary life necessities is at risk of not knowing how to act and react to certain(p) situations. Though Don Juan does not contract to manipulate those around him, his lack of attention leads him to being a victim of a harsh, unforgiving world.Ladies even of the intimately precarious virtue / Prefer a better half whose age is short of thirty (Byron, I, 61). This is a bold statement from the narrator, but it is sure enough the case for Donna Julia, Donna In ezs friend. She falls for the issue and handsome Don Juan when he turns sixteen, though her affection started before consequently. Donna Julia is seven historic period older than Don Juan. Her grapple for the green lad is both comic and paedophilic. Donna Julia unsuccessfully resists temptation, and at last takes Juans innocence and sends him a coherent a path of sexual confusion. As the narrator states Even innocence itself has some(prenominal) a wile / And will not dare to trust itself with truth, / And hump is taught cunning from youth (Byron, I, 72). Her inability to resist Don Juan is satirical for he is sexually inexperienced. world sexually unsatisfied, one would think Donna Julia would betroth a pick outr with sexual experience. Her yearning for such a young man is bizarre and questionable. Byron seems to the think temptation intrinsic to creation, and fall the inevitable consequence of temptation (Ridenour, 29).For Don Juan, an impending relationship with Donna Julia is most appealing, but in turn, it is the start of spiralling, sexual journey. Oh pleasure, youre indeed a attractive thing, / Although one must be maledict for you no doubt (Byron, I, 119). Unfortunate consequences of fat pleasure tend to follow Don Juan around. His romance with Donna Julia is of short lived passion. One November night, Don Alfonsos suspicions reach a brisk height and he confronts Donna Julia in her suite. The time is significant November represents the conclusion of fall and an come near winter. The trees lose their leaves, plants and shrubs dwindle and the geezerhood get shorter and colder. These events can be compared to Don Juan and Donna Julias relationship, as its fire is extinguished by an upset Don Alfonso. Man is chained to cold earth and is able to gentle his sufferings only by his own efforts by love and glory and, as we hold back in the second stanza, by poetry. This very meter is presented as an attempt to give color, form, warmth to a world of course colorless, indefinite and chill (Ridenour, 33).This thought can also be applied to Donna Julia, who was brightening her world with the young Don Juan. Though she promised Don Alfonso to never disgrace the ring she wore, she falls victim to the fact that pleasures a boob and sometimes sins a pleasure (Byron, I, 133). Donna Julia acts like a double-edged sword when confronted by Don Alfonso. She gets upsets by his unfaithful accusations, trance the whole time, Don Juan is hidden below a pile of clothes. Satire was Byrons inborn and habitual response to accuse and injury (Trueblood, 20). In the end, Donna Julia is left emotionally hurt and displaced, while Don Juan just now escapes from a physical punishment. Don Alfonso is left betrayed, deceived and not knowing where to turn. The first canto ends with the comparable disheartened feeling All things that hold in been born were born to die, / And flesh (which dying mows down to hay) is stinker (Byron, I, 22 0). The allusion of Death mowing the grass of life is comic and serious. Humans age from year to year and their health eventually deteriorates. The same can be verbalise of Don Juans sexual relations.In Don Juan, Byron uses well-nigh every accomplishable variation of epic short letter, from the frivolous to the almost entirely serious (Clancy, 63). The tone takes a turn for the worse when Juan is involved in a shipwreck. He manages to get on base a longboat and escape the capsizing ship. Juans luck only lasts so long for his tutor, who boards the longboat only to be eaten some(prenominal) days later. Just when Juan appears on the brink of death, he floats to safety clutching an oar. The oar can be seen as an obvious phallic symbol, and in turn, it leads Juan to his first true up love, Haidee. Amidst the barren sand and rocks so rude / She and her wave-worn love had made their mandrel (Byron, II, 198). The setting of their relationship is perfect, for it is both beautiful and dangerous. As Byron is careful to point out, it is here, on a coast whose perils have been repeatedly emphasized, that the peculiarly harmonious and ideal love of Juan and Haidee is consummated (Ridenour, 44).The love of Juan and Haidee has a theatrical role of magnificence which Don Juan and Donna Julia lacked. The two are portrayed as soul compeer that happened upon each other. They were brought together in a stroke of luck and when their union is denied the precedent of love sours to inclination, sex hatred and leering prudishness. What is true love is equally true of the other passionsThe attempt to contain the passions and tour the flow of life always defeats itself in some manner. This is the particular form which the standard satiric plot takes in Don Juan (Kernan, 93). Though Haidee and Juan were meant for each other, Lambro interferes and puts an end to their relationship. He ruins the purity of love, which had ironically been washed up on a beach. Lambro puts Juan i nto striverry, and furthermore, causes his daughters coma and eventual death. Had he legitimate the unification of Juan and Haidee, life in oecumenical would have been happier, gayer.Violence and disorder ambuscade behind tranquility and harmony, and the tranquil and harmonious are fated inevitably to send away again in the violent and chaotic. This is an lasting law of Byrons world. Haidee was, Natures bride (Byron, II, 202), and the love she shared with Juan is contrasted in its sinlessness with the un instinctive situation of charr in society. Their union is almost an act of natural religion. (Ridenour). Mary Grant places Don Juan among the different kinds of humor, the mild and pervasive type of Socratic irony, subtle in its half-laughter and half-earnestness, harmonized high hat with the ease of affability of the sermo, its change of tone from grave to gay, its arts in the absence seizure of art (Ridenour,10).Don Juan is brought to a slave market in Constantinople and b ought by a eunuch for the Sultana, Gulbeyaz. The eunuch, Baba, can be seen as a sinister and dangerous character. The technique of associating the subject to be ridiculed with sexual powerlessness is, of course, a traditional one but the connection between impotence and lust for power exists on a much deeper level than that of classic invective (Ridenour, 12). Babas sexual life has been obliterated, and his condition foreshadows a drastic change to Don Juan. This is fulfil when he is brought to the palace and immediately appareled in womans clothing. Juans gender rearrangement is ironic, and turns bizarre when Gulbeyaz demands him to make love to her. As he is still in mourning for losing Haidee, Juan refuses and bursts into tears. In the accounts of his Juans relations with women, he is not made to appear undismayed or even dignified and these fall us as having an ingredient of the attested as well as of the dissemble (Eliot, 97).His actions at first infuriate the Sultana, then she feels compassion, and eventually she cries. Juan is displaced from a man to a weeping woman, while Gulbeyaz turns from a demanding woman to an apathetic female. Communication between the two is short lived as the sultan approaches the castle. Upon sightedness Juan, the sultan states I see youve bought some other girl tis pity / That a mere Christian should be half so pretty (Byron, V, 155). The sultan, who has four wives and undoubtedly several mistresses, comes off as a snap for not noticing that Juan is a male. We can laugh at his blindness, but at the same time, one can only enjoy what else he does not see. In Canto I we have the amusing account of the family tree of Don Juan. Then there is a description of the first of Juans amours, the Julia episode. Canto II continues Juans adventures, including his shipwreck and subsequent love affair with Haidee. In Cantos III and IV the passionate romance of Haidee and Juan comes to its tragic end and Juan is soon embroiled in the ludicrous seraglio escapade which occupies the whole of Canto V and is concluded in Canto VI (Trueblood, 5). by factor of these episodes, Byron uses satire to portray sexuality in a comical and serious manner. The poem is a satire on the sentimentalist cult of passion and on the natural man whose passions are his only make from his proper woes (Clancy, 53). Don Juan is sent on a rollercoaster of sexuality paedophilic love, true love ending in a broken heart and then a confusing, timid relation. Through hardships and endeavours, Don Juan comes out a stronger man. From the first six cantos, one can conclude that love, which should be a means of overcoming self, of living in and for another person, is itself egotistic. The amends merely aggravates the disorder. It is the same paradox which, in other terms, we have met so oft before (Ridenour, 75). The comedic yet serious line drawing of sexuality makes Don Juan one of the superior satires even written.